Research Outputs

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Now showing 1 - 10 of 33
  • Publication
    Effects of working depth and wheel slip on fuel consumption of selected tillage implements
    (International Commission of Agricultural Engineering, 2014)
    Moitzi, Gerhard 
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    Wagentristl, Helmut 
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    Refenner, Karl 
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    Weingartmann, Herbert 
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    ;
    Boxberger, Josef 
    ;
    Gronauer, Andreas 
    Rising fossil fuel prices are leading to an increasing awareness of energy efficiency in plant production. Tillage in particular can consume large amounts of fuel. For four tillage implements (reversible mouldboard plough, short disc harrow, universal-cultivator, subsoiler), this study quantifies the effect of different working depths on fuel consumption, wheel slip, field capacity and specific energy consumption. A four-wheel drive tractor (92 kW) was equipped with a data-acquisition system for engine speed, vehicle speed, wheel speed and fuel consumption. Fuel consumption was measured in the fuel system with an integrated high-precision flow-meter. The results show that the area-specific fuel consumption increased linearly with working depth for both the mouldboard plough and the short disc harrow, but disproportionately for the subsoiler. Wheel slip was found to increase fuel consumption and decrease field capacity performance at all depths. The influence of the engine speed was shown in a separate experiment with a universal-cultivator. Increasing the engine speed from 1,513 r min-1 to 2,042 r min-1 results in an increase of 80% for the fuel consumption rate (L/h) and 35% for the area-specific fuel consumption (L/ha). Future measurement of drawbar pull will allow a more detailed analysis of the energy efficiency losses at the engine, the transmission, and at the wheel/soil interface.
      57  1
  • Publication
    Reevaluation of energy use in wheat production in the United States
    (Wiley, 2006) ;
    Steinberg, Laura J. 
    Energy budgets for agricultural production can be used as building blocks for life‐cycle assessments that include agricultural products, and can also serve as a first step toward identifying crop production processes that benefit most from increased efficiency. A general trend toward increased energy efficiency in U.S. agriculture has been reported. For wheat cultivation, in particular, this study updates cradle‐to‐gate process analyses produced in the seventies and eighties. Input quantities were obtained from official U.S. statistics and other sources and multiplied by calculated or recently published energy coefficients. The total energy input into the production of a kilogram of average U.S. wheat grain is estimated to range from 3.1 to 4.9 MJ/kg, with a best estimate at 3.9 MJ/kg. The dominant contribution is energy embodied in nitrogen fertilizer at 47% of the total energy input, followed by diesel fuel (25%), and smaller contributions such as energy embodied in seed grain, gasoline, electricity, and phosphorus fertilizer. This distribution is reflected in the energy carrier mix, with natural gas dominating (57%), followed by diesel fuel (30%). High variability in energy coefficients masks potential gains in total energy efficiency as compared to earlier, similar U.S. studies. Estimates from an input‐output model for several input processes agree well with process analysis results, but the model's application can be limited by aggregation issues: Total energy inputs for generic food grain production were lower than wheat fertilizer inputs alone, possibly due to aggregation of diverse products into the food grain sector.
      42  2Scopus© Citations 61
  • Publication
    Modelling soil emissions and precision agriculture in fertilization life cycle assessment - A case study of wheat production in Austria
    (Elsevier, 2022)
    Medel-Jiménez, Francisco 
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    ;
    Gronauer, Andreas 
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    Barta, Norbert 
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    Neugschwandtner, Reinhard W. 
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    Krexner, Theresa 
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    Kral, Iris 
      72  1Scopus© Citations 9
  • Publication
    Precision Grassland Farming - Ein überblick über Forschung und Technik
    (Gesellschaft für Informatik e.V., 2017)
    Bauerdick, Josef 
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    ;
    Gronauer, Andreas 
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    Kral, Iris 
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    Bernhardt, Heinz 
    Precision Farming ist im Ackerbau ein weithin geläufiger Begriff. Firmen und Forschungseinrichtungen veröffentlichen regelmäßig (informations-)technologische Neuheiten. Trotz des großen Potentials hinsichtlich Ressourceneinsparung und der Überwachung des Bestands, ist festzustellen, dass Precision Farming Applikationen im Grünland bisher kaum zur Anwendung kommen. Der Beitrag soll ein Überblick über bereits vorhandene Precision Farming Anwendungen im Grünland geben, wobei die vollständige Ernteprozesskette hinsichtlich vorhandener Präzisionstechnologie beschrieben wird. Es ist festzustellen, dass vor allem Maschinen, welche sowohl im Ackerbau, als auch im Grünland genutzt werden können, einen hohen Grad der Technisierung hinsichtlich Precision Farming aufweisen. Geräte, welche jedoch ausschließlich im Grünland genutzt werden, weisen nur geringe Tendenzen in diesem Bereich auf. Häufig wurden diese lediglich zu Forschungszwecken entwickelt und kaum in die Praxis überführt. Künftig sind Forschungen, vor allem, um Bröckelverluste zu minimieren, durchzuführen.
      63  2
  • Publication
    Erratum to: Effects of the Antibiotics Chlortetracycline and Enrofloxacin on the Anaerobic Digestion in Continuous Experiments(Bioenerg. Res., (2014), DOI 10.1007/s12155-014-9458-0)
    (Springer, 2016)
    Bauer, Alexander 
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    Lizasoain, Javier 
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    Nettmann, Edith 
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    Bergmann, Ingo 
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    Mundt, Kerstin 
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    Klocke, Michael 
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    Rincón, Maria 
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    Amon, Thomas 
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    ;
    Winckler, Christoph 
    The original version of this article unfortunately contained mistakes in the authorship. The author’s name, “ Christoph Winckler ” as the 10th author, is missing. The correct version is presented above.
      68  1Scopus© Citations 1
  • Publication
    Potential of different Sorghum bicolor (L. moench) varieties for combined ethanol and biogas production in the Pannonian climate of Austria
    (Elsevier, 2013)
    Theuretzbacher, Franz 
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    Bauer, Alexander 
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    Lizasoain, Javier 
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    Becker, Manuel 
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    Rosenau, Thomas 
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    Potthast, Antje 
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    Friedl, Anton 
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    ;
    Gronauer, Andreas 
    The objective of this study is to estimate the energetic yields of a combined ethanol and biogas production from three different sorghum varieties, and to compare them to a similar estimate for maize in order to demonstrate the suitability of sorghum as an alternative biomass source. The sorghum varieties “SG1” (Sugargraze I) and “SG2” (Sugargraze II), which produce fermentable sugars, as well as the grain variety “C” (Chopper), which produces starch, were grown on experimental plots in eastern Austria. The harvested biomass was analysed for its contents of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, crude protein, crude fats, starch and sugar. For the calculation of the energy output, ethanol and biogas yields were calculated corresponding to accepted standard methods. The potential of sorghum for energy production has been demonstrated. The highest energy outputs were achieved by the SG1 and the C varieties, delivering approximately 150 GJ ha−1 and 156 GJ ha−1. Compared to data obtained from different maize varieties in the same year and under similar conditions, this means an equal or even increased energy output per hectare. The SG2 variety only yielded 121 GJ ha−1 worth of ethanol and biogas. Bioethanol and biogas production were unequally distributed between sugar and starch varieties: SG1 provided 70% of its energy output as methane and the rest as bioethanol, whereas the grain variety C yielded 46% methane and 54% bioethanol.
      65  1Scopus© Citations 14
  • Publication
    Transport and partitioning of functional aerosol nanoparticles for remediation of trichloroethylene
    (AIChE, 2007-11-05)
    Zhan, Jingjing 
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    Zheng, Tonghua 
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    McPherson, Gary L. 
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    Lu, Yunfeng 
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    Papadopoulos, Kyriakos D. 
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    John, Vijay T. 
    Effective in-situ remediation of contaminated groundwater plume requires the successful delivery of reactive iron particles through soil. This study reports the transport characteristics of nanoscale zerovalent iron particles that are encapsulated in porous silica submicron particles through a novel aerosol-assisted technology. These particles resist aggregation characteristics that are typical of nanoscale zerovalent iron, and are highly reactive. They can be transported through model soils (Ottawa sands) more efficiently than commercially available reactive nanoscale iron particle (RNIP). To explore the fate of particles in sands, macroscopic and microscopic methods were used. Glass burette columns in vertical and horizontal configurations were used to simulate in-situ injection and natural groundwater situations, respectively. In both cases, the composite particles elute readily while RNIP is trapped at the inlet of the column. Capillary experiments further prove that RNIP clogs the pores between sand grains due to rapid aggregation, but pore plugging does not occur for the composite particles. The partitioning characteristic of the particles was investigated by a novel capillary video microscopy technique. Our results again indicate that the iron/silica composite nanparticles preferentially accumulate and localize at the TCE/water interface, making dechlorination more efficient. Such particles with enhanced mobility hold promise in new technologies for in-situ ground water remediation.
      39  1
  • Publication
    Implementing an appropriate metric for the assessment of greenhouse gas emissions from livestock production: A national case study
    (Elsevier, 2022)
    Hörtenhuber, Stefan 
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    Seiringer, Martin 
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    Theurl, Michaela Clarissa 
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    Größbacher, Verena 
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    ;
    Kral, Iris 
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    Zollitsch, Werner 
      87  1Scopus© Citations 10
  • Publication
    Land use and land use change in agricultural life cycle assessments and carbon footprints - The case for regionally specific land use change versus other methods
    (Elsevier, 2014)
    Hörtenhuber, Stefan 
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    ;
    Zollitsch, Werner 
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    Lindenthal, Thomas 
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    Winiwarter, Wilfried 
    The supply chain of a product is essential for understanding its environmental impacts. As parts of agricultural product supply chains, land use (LU) and land use change (LUC) are considered to be major contributors to global CO2 emissions. Nevertheless, LU and LUC (LULUC) are rarely included in GHG estimations for food and feedstuffs. Here we propose a method which can be used to derive emissions from LU and LUC on a regional level. Emissions are distributed over an accounting period chosen to match the physically occurring carbon fluxes. As fluxes from soil organic carbon persist for years or even for decades after a LUC episode, depending on the climatic conditions of the region, we apply 10 and 20 years as suitable accounting periods for tropical and temperate climate zones, respectively. We compare the proposed method with two other methods proposed in the literature. Using two types of feedstuffs (Brazilian soybean-meal and Austrian barley) as examples, we find that the other two methods produce mostly lower emission estimates in the case of Brazilian soybeans, and higher estimates for Austrian barley. We conclude that these differences are caused mainly by different accounting periods and by a (non)consideration of regional specificities. While analysing life cycles necessarily entails a well supported – but still arbitrary – setting of such system boundaries, we argue that the methodology presented here better reflects actually occurring carbon fluxes that we understand to be the foundation of any environmental product assessment.
      60  1Scopus© Citations 39
  • Publication
    Multifunctional colloidal particles for in situ remediation of chlorinated hydrocarbons
    (American Chemical Society, 2009)
    Zhan, Jingjing 
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    Sunkara, Bhanukiran 
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    Le, Lynn 
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    John, Vijay T. 
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    He, Jibao 
    ;
    McPherson, Gary L. 
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    ;
    Lu, Yunfeng 
    Effective in situ injection technology for the remediation of dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs) such as trichloroethylene (TCE) requires the use of decontamination agents that effectively migrate through the soil media and react efficiently with dissolved TCE and bulk TCE. We describe the use of a novel decontamination system containing highly uniform carbon microspheres in the optimal size range for transport through the soil. The microspheres are enveloped in a polyelectrolyte (carboxymethyl cellulose, CMC) to which a bimetallic nanoparticle system of zero-valent iron and Pd is attached. The carbon serves as a strong adsorbent to TCE, while the bimetallic nanoparticle system provides the reactive component. The polyelectrolyte serves to stabilize the carbon microspheres in aqueous solution. The overall system resembles a colloidal micelle with a hydrophilic shell (polyelectrolyte coating) and hard hydrophobic core (carbon). In contact with bulk TCE, there is a sharp partitioning of the system to the TCE side of the interface due to the hydrophobicity of the core. These multifunctional systems appear to satisfy criteria related to remediation and are made with potentially environmentally benign materials.
      51  1Scopus© Citations 53